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This website started out as a showcase for one of my hobbies, photography and was originally named ‘fossil shot fotos’, but I shortened it to ‘fshotf’. I have since removed the photo pages.
More recently, I have added Engineering and Project sections. As an active member of the Ramsgate and District Model Engineering Club, I enjoy building 'quirky' 5" gauge locomotives. I don't have the engineering skills or patience to build live steam locos, so all mine will be battery powered, but may have a steam outline...
Engineering
Gear Cutting Calculators
DP - Mod Gear Conversion Table
| ... | Circular | Pitch | ... |
|---|---|---|---|
| DP | Inch | mm | MOD |
| 1 | 3.1416 | 79.797 | 25.40 |
| 1.016 | 3.0 | 76.20 | 25 |
| 1.0583 | 2.9685 | 75.398 | 24 |
| 1.1546 | 2.7209 | 69.115 | 22 |
| 1.27 | 2.4737 | 62.832 | 20 |
| 1.4111 | 2.2263 | 56.549 | 18 |
| 1.5875 | 1.9790 | 50.266 | 16 |
| 1.6933 | 1.8553 | 47.124 | 15 |
| 1.1843 | 1.7316 | 43.982 | 14 |
| 1.9538 | 1.6079 | 40.841 | 13 |
| 2 | 1.5708 | 39.898 | 12.70 |
| 2.1166 | 1.4843 | 37.699 | 12 |
| 2.3091 | 1.3605 | 34.559 | 11 |
| 2.54 | 1.2369 | 31.416 | 10 |
| 2.8219 | 1.1133 | 28.274 | 9 |
| 3 | 1.042 | 26.599 | 8.47 |
| 3.175 | 0.9895 | 25.133 | 8 |
| 3.6285 | 0.8976 | 21.991 | 7 |
| 4 | 0.7854 | 19.949 | 6.35 |
| 4.2333 | 0.7421 | 18.850 | 6 |
| 5 | 0.6283 | 15.959 | 5.08 |
| 5.08 | 0.6184 | 15.708 | 5 |
| 6 | 0.5236 | 13.299 | 4.23 |
| 6.3499 | 0.4947 | 12.567 | 4 |
| 7 | 0.4488 | 11.400 | 3.63 |
| 8 | 0.3927 | 9.975 | 3.18 |
| 8.4666 | 0.3711 | 9.425 | 3 |
| 9 | 0.3591 | 8.866 | 2.82 |
| 10 | 0.3142 | 7.980 | 2.54 |
| 11 | 0.2856 | 7.254 | 2.31 |
| 12 | 0.2618 | 6.650 | 2.12 |
| 12.700 | 0.2474 | 6.283 | 2 |
| 13 | 0.2417 | 6.138 | 1.95 |
| 14 | 0.2244 | 5.700 | 1.81 |
| 14.514 | 0.2165 | 5.498 | 1.75 |
| 15 | 0.2094 | 5.320 | 1.693 |
| 16 | 0.1964 | 4.987 | 1.588 |
| 16.933 | 0.1855 | 4.712 | 1.5 |
| 18 | 0.1745 | 4.433 | 1.411 |
| 20 | 0.1571 | 3.990 | 1.270 |
| 20.319 | 0.1546 | 3.917 | 1.25 |
| 22 | 0.1428 | 3.627 | 1.155 |
| 24 | 0.1309 | 3.325 | 1.058 |
| 25.40 | 0.1237 | 3.142 | 1 |
| 28 | 0.1122 | 2.850 | 0.9071 |
| 30 | 0.1047 | 2.660 | 0.8467 |
| 31.750 | 0.0989 | 2.513 | 0.8 |
| 32 | 0.0982 | 2.494 | 0.7938 |
| 34 | 0.0924 | 2.347 | 0.7471 |
| 36 | 0.0873 | 2.217 | 0.7056 |
| 36.28 | 0.0866 | 2.199 | 0.7 |
| 38 | 0.0827 | 2.100 | 0.6684 |
| 40 | 0.0785 | 1.995 | 0.6350 |
| 45 | 0.0698 | 1.773 | 0.5644 |
| 48 | 0.0655 | 1.662 | 0.5292 |
| 50 | 0.0628 | 1.596 | 0.5080 |
| 50.8 | 0.0618 | 1.571 | 0.5 |
| 63.5 | 0.0495 | 1.257 | 0.4 |
DP Spur Gears
MOD Spur Gears
Gear Meshing Distance
Involute Gear Cutters
Cutter References.
| Cutter 1 will cut 135 teeth to Rack |
| Cutter 2 will cut 55 teeth to 134 |
| Cutter 3 will cut 35 teeth to 54T |
| Cutter 4 will cut 26 teeth to 34T |
| Cutter 5 will cut 21 teeth to 25T |
| Cutter 6 will cut 17 teeth to 20T |
| Cutter 7 will cut 14 teeth to 16T |
| Cutter 8 will cut 12 teeth to 13T |
Drilling / Tapping
Imperial Drill Chart
Number, Letter and Fractional Drills.
| Size | Inch | Metric |
| 80 | 0.014" | 0.36mm |
| 79 | 0.015" | 0.38mm |
| 1/64" | 0.016" | 0.41mm |
| 78 | 0.016" | 0.41mm |
| 77 | 0.018" | 0.46mm |
| 76 | 0.020" | 0.51mm |
| 75 | 0.021" | 0.53mm |
| 74 | 0.023" | 0.58mm |
| 73 | 0.024" | 0.61mm |
| 72 | 0.025" | 0.64mm |
| 71 | 0.026" | 0.66mm |
| 70 | 0.028" | 0.71mm |
| 69 | .0292" | 0.74mm |
| 68 | 0.031" | 0.79mm |
| 1/32" | 0.031" | 0.79mm |
| 67 | 0.032" | 0.81mm |
| 66 | 0.033" | 0.84mm |
| 65 | 0.035" | 0.89mm |
| 64 | 0.036" | 0.91mm |
| 63 | 0.037" | 0.94mm |
| 62 | 0.038" | 0.97mm |
| 61 | 0.039" | 0.99mm |
| 60 | 0.040" | 1.02mm |
| 59 | 0.041" | 1.04mm |
| 58 | 0.042" | 1.07mm |
| 57 | 0.043" | 1.09mm |
| 56 | 0.047" | 1.19mm |
| 3/64" | 0.047" | 1.19mm |
| 55 | 0.052" | 1.32mm |
| 54 | 0.055" | 1.40mm |
| 53 | 0.060" | 1.52mm |
| 1/16" | 0.063" | 1.60mm |
| 52 | 0.064" | 1.63mm |
| 51 | 0.067" | 1.70mm |
| 50 | 0.070" | 1.78mm |
| 49 | 0.073" | 1.85mm |
| 48 | 0.076" | 1.93mm |
| 5/64" | 0.078" | 1.98mm |
| 47 | 0.079" | 2.00mm |
| 46 | 0.081" | 2.06mm |
| 45 | 0.082" | 2.08mm |
| 44 | 0.086" | 2.18mm |
| 43 | 0.089" | 2.26mm |
| 42 | 0.094" | 2.39mm |
| 3/32" | 0.094" | 2.39mm |
| 41 | 0.096" | 2.44mm |
| 40 | 0.098" | 2.49mm |
| 39 | 0.100" | 2.54mm |
| 38 | 0.102" | 2.59mm |
| 37 | 0.104" | 2.64mm |
| 36 | 0.107" | 2.71mm |
| 7/64" | 0.109" | 2.77mm |
| 35 | 0.110" | 2.80mm |
| 34 | .111" | 2.82mm |
| 33 | 0.113" | 2.87mm |
| 32 | 0.116" | 2.95mm |
| 31 | 0.120" | 3.05mm |
| 1/8" | 0.125" | 3.18mm |
| 30 | 0.129" | 3.28mm |
| 29 | 0.136" | 3.45mm |
| 28 | 0.1405" | 3.57mm |
| 9/64" | 0.1406" | 3.57mm |
| 27 | 0.144" | 3.66mm |
| 26 | 0.147" | 3.73mm |
| 25 | 0.150" | 3.81mm |
| 24 | 0.152" | 3.86mm |
| 23 | 0.154" | 3.91mm |
| 5/32" | 0.156" | 3.96mm |
| 22 | 0.157" | 3.99mm |
| 21 | 0.159" | 4.03mm |
| 20 | 0.161" | 4.09mm |
| 19 | 0.166" | 4.22mm |
| 18 | 0.170" | 4.32mm |
| 11/64" | 0.172" | 4.37mm |
| 17 | 0.173" | 4.39mm |
| 16 | 0.177" | 4.50mm |
| 15 | 0.180" | 4.57mm |
| 14 | 0.182" | 4.62mm |
| 13 | 0.185" | 4.70mm |
| 3/16" | 0.188" | 4.78mm |
| 12 | 0.189" | 4.80mm |
| 11 | 0.191" | 4.85mm |
| 10 | 0.194" | 4.93mm |
| 9 | 0.196" | 4.98mm |
| 8 | 0.199" | 5.05mm |
| 7 | 0.201" | 5.11mm |
| 13/64" | 0.203" | 5.16mm |
| 6 | 0.204" | 5.18mm |
| 5 | 0.206" | 5.23mm |
| 4 | 0.209" | 5.31mm |
| 3 | 0.213" | 5.41mm |
| 7/32" | 0.219" | 5.56mm |
| 2 | 0.221" | 5.61mm |
| 1 | 0.228" | 5.79mm |
| A | 0.234" | 5.94mm |
| 15/64" | 0.234" | 5.94mm |
| B | 0.238" | 6.05mm |
| C | 0.242" | 6.15mm |
| D | 0.246" | 6.25mm |
| 1/4" | 0.250" | 6.35mm |
| F | 0.257" | 6.53mm |
| G | 0.261" | 6.63mm |
| 17/64" | 0.266" | 6.76mm |
| H | 0.266" | 6.76mm |
| I | 0.272" | 6.91mm |
| J | 0.277" | 7.04mm |
| K | 0.281" | 7.14mm |
| 9/32" | 0.281" | 7.14mm |
| L | 0.290" | 7.37mm |
| M | 0.295" | 7.49mm |
| 19/64" | 0.297" | 7.54mm |
| N | 0.302" | 7.67mm |
| 5/16" | 0.313" | 7.95mm |
| O | 0.316" | 8.03mm |
| P | 0.323" | 8.20mm |
| 21/64" | 0.328" | 8.33mm |
| Q | 0.332" | 8.43mm |
| R | 0.339" | 8.61mm |
| 11/32" | 0.344" | 8.73mm |
| S | 0.348" | 8.84mm |
| T | 0.358" | 9.09mm |
| 23/64" | 0.359" | 9.12mm |
| U | 0.368" | 9.35mm |
| 3/8" | 0.375" | 9.53mm |
| V | 0.377" | 9.58mm |
| W | 0.386" | 9.80mm |
| 25/64" | 0.391" | 9.93mm |
| X | 0.397" | 10.08mm |
| Y | 0.404" | 10.26mm |
| 13/32" | 0.406" | 10.31mm |
| Z | 0.413" | 10.49mm |
| 27/64" | 0.422" | 10.72mm |
| 7/16" | 0.438" | 11.13mm |
| 29/64" | 0.453" | 11.51mm |
| 15/32" | 0.469" | 11.91mm |
| 31/64" | 0.484" | 12.29mm |
| 1/2" | 0.500" | 12.70mm |
| 33/64" | 0.516" | 13.11mm |
| 17/32" | 0.531" | 13.49mm |
| 35/64" | 0.547" | 13.89mm |
| 9/16" | 0.563" | 14.30mm |
| 37/64" | 0.578" | 14.68mm |
| 19/32" | 0.594" | 15.09mm |
| 39/64" | 0.609" | 15.47mm |
| 5/8" | 0.625" | 15.88mm |
| 41/64" | 0.641" | 16.28mm |
| 21/32" | 0.656" | 16.66mm |
| 43/64" | 0.672" | 17.07mm |
| 11/16" | 0.688" | 17.48mm |
| 45/64" | 0.703" | 17.86mm |
| 23/32" | 0.719" | 18.26mm |
| 47/64" | 0.734" | 18.64mm |
| 3/4" | 0.750" | 19.05mm |
| 49/64" | 0.766" | 19.46mm |
| 25/32" | 0.781" | 19.84mm |
| 51/64" | 0.797" | 20.24mm |
| 13/16" | 0.813" | 20.65mm |
| 53/64" | 0.828" | 21.03mm |
| 27/32" | 0.844" | 21.44mm |
| 55/64" | 0.859" | 21.82mm |
| 7/8" | 0.875" | 22.23mm |
| 57/64" | 0.891" | 22.63mm |
| 29/32" | 0.906" | 23.01mm |
| 59/64" | 0.922" | 23.42mm |
| 15/16" | 0.938" | 23.83mm |
| 61/64" | 0.953" | 24.21mm |
| 31/32" | 0.969" | 24.61mm |
| 63/64" | 0.984 | 24.99mm |
Metric Tapping / Clearance Drills
| Size | Pitch | Tapping Drill | Clearance Drill |
| M2 | 0.40 | 1.60 | 2.40 |
| M3 | 0.50 | 2.50 | 3.40 |
| M4 | 0.70 | 3.30 | 4.50 |
| M5 | 0.80 | 4.20 | 5.50 |
| M6 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 6.60 |
| M8 | 1.25 | 6.80 | 9.00 |
| M10 | 1.0 | 9.1 | 11.00 |
| M10 | 1.50 | 8.50 | 11.00 |
BSF Tapping Drills
| Ø " | Tapping drill Ø mm | Tapping drill Ø Imp |
| 3/16 | 3.90 | 5/32" |
| 7/32 | 4.60 | No. 14 |
| 1/4 | 5.30 | No. 4 |
| 9/32 | 6.00 | Letter B |
| 5/16 | 6.70 | 17/64" |
| 3/8 | 8.20 | Letter P |
| 7/16 | 9.70 | 3/8" |
| 1/2 | 11.00 | 7/16" |
| 9/16 | 12.60 | 1/2" |
| 5/8 | 14.00 | 35/64" |
| 11/16 | 15.50 | 39/64" |
| 3/4 | 16.75 | 21/32" |
| 13/16 | 18.30 | 23/32" |
| 7/8 | 19.75 | 25/32" |
| 1 | 22.75 | 57/64" |
BSW Tapping Drills
| Ø " | Tapping drill Ø mm | Tapping drill Ø Imp |
| 1/16 | 1.1 | No. 56 |
| 3/32 | 1.8 | No. 50 |
| 1/8 | 2.5 | No. 40 |
| 5/32 | 3.1 | No. 31 |
| 3/16 | 3.7 | No. 27 |
| 7/32 | 4.4 | No. 17 |
| 1/4 | 5.1 | No. 8 |
| 5/16 | 6.5 | Letter E |
| 3/8 | 8.0 | 5/16" |
| 7/16 | 9.2 | 23/64" |
| 1/2 | 10.5 | Letter Z |
BA Screws
| BA No. | Tapping drill | mm | Clear drill | mm |
| 0 | 6 | 5.20 | B | 6.1 |
| 1 | 16 | 4.50 | 3 | 5.4 |
| 2 | 20 | 4.10 | 12 | 4.8 |
| 3 | 29 | 3.50 | 19 | 4.2 |
| 4 | 31 | 3.00 | 26 | 3.7 |
| 5 | 37 | 2.65 | 29 | 3.3 |
| 6 | 43 | 2.3 | 33 | 2.87 |
| 7 | 46 | 2.10 | 37 | 2.6 |
| 8 | 50 | 1.80 | 42 | 2.3 |
| 9 | 53 | 1.60 | 47 | 2.0 |
| 10 | 54 | 1.4 | 49 | 1.8 |
| 11 | 56 | 1.2 | 53 | 1.5 |
| 12 | 60 | 1.05 | 55 | 1.3 |
| 13 | 62 | 0.98 | 56 | 1.15 |
| 14 | 67 | 0.8 | 60 | 1.00 |
| 15 | 70 | 0.70 | 64 | 0.90 |
| 16 | 73 | 0.60 | 67 | 0.80 |
Fastenings Data
Countersunk Screws
dimensions are in mm
| Size | Pitch | Skt Size | Head Ø | Head Height |
| M3 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 6.00 | 1.86 |
| M4 | 0.70 | 2.5 | 8.00 | 2.48 |
| M5 | 0.8 | 3,0 | 10,00 | 3.1 |
| M6 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 12.00 | 3.72 |
| M8 | 1.25 | 5.0 | 16.00 | 4.96 |
| M10 | 1.5 | 6.0 | 20.00 | 6.2 |
| M12 | 1.75 | 8.0 | 24.00 | 7.44 |
Cap Head Screws
dimensions are in mm
| Size | Pitch | Skt Size | Head Ø | Head Height |
| M3 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 5.50 | 3.0 |
| M4 | 0.70 | 3.0 | 7.00 | 4.0 |
| M5 | 0.8 | 4.0 | 8.50 | 5.0 |
| M6 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 10.00 | 6.0 |
| M8 | 1.25 | 6.0 | 13.00 | 8.0 |
| M10 | 1.5 | 8.0 | 16.00 | 10.0 |
| M12 | 1.75 | 10.0 | 18.00 | 12.0 |
Low Profile Cap Head Screws
dimensions are in mm
| Size | Pitch | Skt Size: s | Head Ø: dk | Head Height: k |
| M3 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 5.5 | 2.0 |
| M4 | 0.70 | 2.5 | 7.00 | 2.8 |
| M5 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 8.50 | 3.5 |
| M6 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 10.00 | 4.0 |
| M8 | 1.25 | 5.0 | 13.00 | 5.0 |
| M10 | 1.5 | 7.0 | 16.00 | 6 |
| M12 | 1.75 | 8.0 | 18.00 | 7.0 |
Torx Cap Head Screws
dimensions are in mm
| Size | Pitch | Skt Size | Head Ø | Head Height |
| M2 | 0.4 | X6 | 3.80 | 1.55 |
| M3 | 0.5 | X10 | 5.5 | 2.4 |
| M4 | 0.70 | X20 | 7.00 | 3.1 |
| M5 | 0.8 | X25 | 8.50 | 3.65 |
| M6 | 1.0 | X30 | 10.00 | 4.4 |
| M8 | 1.25 | X45 | 13.00 | 5.8 |
Button Head Screws
| Size | Pitch | Skt Size | Head Ø | Head Height |
| M2 | 0.4 | 1.27 | 3.70 | 1.30 |
| M3 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 5.70 | 1.65 |
| M4 | 0.70 | 2.5 | 7.60 | 2.2 |
| M5 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 9.50 | 2.75 |
| M6 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 10.50 | 3.30 |
| M8 | 1.25 | 5.0 | 14.00 | 4.40 |
| M10 | 1.5 | 6.0 | 18.00 | 5.50 |
| M12 | 1.75 | 8.0 | 21.00 | 6.60 |
BA Screws
| BA No. | tpi | Ø (mm) | Head Size |
| 0 | 25.40 | 6.00 | 10.49 |
| 1 | 28.22 | 5.30 | 9.30 |
| 2 | 31.36 | 4.70 | 8.23 |
| 3 | 34.79 | 4.10 | 7.16 |
| 4 | 38.48 | 3.60 | 6.32 |
| 5 | 43.05 | 3.20 | 5.61 |
| 6 | 47.92 | 2.80 | 4.83 |
| 7 | 52.92 | 2.50 | 4.37 |
| 8 | 59.07 | 2.20 | 3.84 |
| 9 | 65.13 | 1.90 | 3.33 |
| 10 | 72.57 | 1.70 | 2.97 |
| 11 | 81.93 | 1.50 | 2.62 |
| 12 | 90.71 | 1.30 | 2.26 |
| 13 | 101.60 | 1.20 | 2.08 |
| 14 | 110.43 | 1.00 | 1.73 |
| 15 | 120.95 | 0.90 | 1.55 |
| 16 | 133.68 | 0.79 | 1.37 |
Round Head
Hammer Drive Screws
| Size | Dia OA | Pilot Ø-thin Sheet(mm) | Pilot Ø-thick(mm) | Head Ø |
| 0 (1.95mm) | 2.2mm | 1.6mm | 1.7mm | 3.7mm |
| 2 (2.5mm) | 2.5mm | 2.2mm | 2.3mm | 3.8mm |
BSP Threads
| Size | tpi | Pitch-mm | Major Ø (mm) | Minor Ø (mm) | Tapping Drill (mm) |
| 1/16" | 28 | 0.907 | 7.723 | 6.561 | 6.6-6.8 |
| 1/8" | 28 | 0.907 | 9.728 | 8.566 | 8.6-8.8 |
| 1/4" | 19 | 1.337 | 13.157 | 11.445 | 11.5-11.8 |
| 3/8" | 19 | 1.337 | 16.662 | 14.950 | 15-15.3 |
| 1/2" | 14 | 1.814 | 20.955 | 18.631 | 18.7-19.1 |
| 5/8" | 14 | 1.814 | 22.911 | 20.587 | 20.7-21.1 |
| 3/4" x 14 | 14 | 1.814 | 26.441 | 24.117 | 24.5 |
Nema Motor Sizes
Dimensions in mm - may vary.| NEMA | 17 | 23 | 34 | 42 |
| Shaft Ø | 5.00 | 6.35 | 9.525 | 15.875 |
| Shaft Length | 24.00 | 20.57 | 31.75 | 35.05 |
| Pilot Ø | 22.00 | 38.10 | 73.02 | 55.52 |
| Pilot Length | 2.03 | 1.58 | 1.58 | 1.58 |
| Mount PCD Ø | 43.82 | 66.67 | 98.43 | 125.73 |
| Bolt Hole Size | 4-40 UNC | 4.95 | 5.54 | 7.14 |
| Bolt Hole Distance | 30.99 | 47.14 | 69.60 | 88.90 |
Torque Conversion Tables
Newton Metres / Foot Pounds
| NM | Foot Pounds | Foot Pounds | NM | |
| 0.1 | 0.074 | 0.1 | 0.136 | |
| 0.2 | 0.148 | 0.2 | 0.271 | |
| 0.3 | 0.221 | 0.3 | 0.407 | |
| 0.4 | 0.295 | 0.4 | 0.542 | |
| 0.5 | 0.369 | 0.5 | 0.678 | |
| 0.6 | 0.443 | 0.6 | 0.813 | |
| 0.7 | 0.516 | 0.7 | 0.949 | |
| 0.8 | 0.590 | 0.8 | 1.085 | |
| 0.9 | 0.664 | 0.9 | 1.220 | |
| 1 | 0.738 | 1 | 1.356 | |
| 2 | 1.475 | 2 | 2.712 | |
| 3 | 2.213 | 3 | 4.067 | |
| 4 | 2.950 | 4 | 5.423 | |
| 5 | 3.688 | 5 | 6.779 | |
| 6 | 4.425 | 6 | 8.135 | |
| 7 | 5.163 | 7 | 9.491 | |
| 8 | 5.900 | 8 | 10.846 | |
| 9 | 6.638 | 9 | 12.202 | |
| 10 | 7.376 | 10 | 13.558 | |
| 11 | 8.113 | 11 | 14.914 | |
| 12 | 8.851 | 12 | 16.270 | |
| 13 | 9.588 | 13 | 17.625 | |
| 14 | 10.326 | 14 | 18.981 | |
| 15 | 11.063 | 15 | 20.337 | |
| 16 | 11.801 | 16 | 21.693 | |
| 17 | 12.539 | 17 | 23.049 | |
| 18 | 13.276 | 18 | 24.404 | |
| 19 | 14.014 | 19 | 25.760 | |
| 20 | 14.751 | 20 | 27.116 | |
| 21 | 15.489 | 21 | 28.472 | |
| 22 | 16.226 | 22 | 29.828 | |
| 23 | 16.964 | 23 | 31.183 | |
| 24 | 17.701 | 24 | 32.539 | |
| 25 | 18.439 | 25 | 33.895 | |
| 26 | 19.177 | 26 | 35.251 | |
| 27 | 19.914 | 27 | 36.607 | |
| 28 | 20.652 | 28 | 37.962 | |
| 29 | 21.389 | 29 | 39.318 | |
| 30 | 22.127 | 30 | 40.674 | |
| 31 | 22.864 | 31 | 42.030 | |
| 32 | 23.602 | 32 | 43.386 | |
| 33 | 24.339 | 33 | 44.741 | |
| 34 | 25.077 | 34 | 46.097 | |
| 35 | 25.815 | 35 | 47.453 | |
| 36 | 26.552 | 36 | 48.809 | |
| 37 | 27.290 | 37 | 50.165 | |
| 38 | 28.027 | 38 | 51.520 | |
| 39 | 28.765 | 39 | 52.876 | |
| 40 | 29.502 | 40 | 54.232 | |
| 41 | 30.240 | 41 | 55.588 | |
| 42 | 30.978 | 42 | 56.944 | |
| 43 | 31.715 | 43 | 58.299 | |
| 44 | 32.453 | 44 | 59.655 | |
| 45 | 33.190 | 45 | 61.011 | |
| 46 | 33.928 | 46 | 62.367 | |
| 47 | 34.665 | 47 | 63.723 | |
| 48 | 35.403 | 48 | 65.078 | |
| 49 | 36.140 | 49 | 66.434 | |
| 50 | 36.878 | 50 | 67.790 | |
| 51 | 37.616 | 51 | 69.146 | |
| 52 | 38.353 | 52 | 70.502 | |
| 53 | 39.091 | 53 | 71.857 | |
| 54 | 39.828 | 54 | 73.213 | |
| 55 | 40.566 | 55 | 74.569 | |
| 56 | 41.303 | 56 | 75.925 | |
| 57 | 42.041 | 57 | 77.281 | |
| 58 | 42.778 | 58 | 78.636 | |
| 59 | 43.516 | 59 | 79.992 | |
| 60 | 44.254 | 60 | 81.348 | |
| 61 | 44.991 | 61 | 82.704 | |
| 62 | 45.729 | 62 | 84.060 | |
| 63 | 46.466 | 63 | 85.415 | |
| 64 | 47.204 | 64 | 86.771 | |
| 65 | 47.941 | 65 | 88.127 | |
| 66 | 48.679 | 66 | 89.483 | |
| 67 | 49.417 | 67 | 90.839 | |
| 68 | 50.154 | 68 | 92.194 | |
| 69 | 50.892 | 69 | 93.550 | |
| 70 | 51.629 | 70 | 94.906 | |
| 71 | 52.367 | 71 | 96.262 | |
| 72 | 53.104 | 72 | 97.618 | |
| 73 | 53.842 | 73 | 98.973 | |
| 74 | 54.579 | 74 | 100.329 | |
| 75 | 55.317 | 75 | 101.685 | |
| 76 | 56.055 | 76 | 103.041 | |
| 77 | 56.792 | 77 | 104.397 | |
| 78 | 57.530 | 78 | 105.752 | |
| 79 | 58.267 | 79 | 107.108 | |
| 80 | 59.005 | 80 | 108.464 | |
| 81 | 59.742 | 81 | 109.820 | |
| 82 | 60.480 | 82 | 111.176 | |
| 83 | 61.217 | 83 | 112.531 | |
| 84 | 61.955 | 84 | 113.887 | |
| 85 | 62.693 | 85 | 115.243 | |
| 86 | 63.430 | 86 | 116.599 | |
| 87 | 64.168 | 87 | 117.955 | |
| 88 | 64.905 | 88 | 119.310 | |
| 89 | 65.643 | 89 | 120.666 | |
| 90 | 66.380 | 90 | 122.022 | |
| 91 | 67.118 | 91 | 123.378 | |
| 92 | 67.856 | 92 | 124.734 | |
| 93 | 68.593 | 93 | 126.089 | |
| 94 | 69.331 | 94 | 127.445 | |
| 95 | 70.068 | 95 | 128.801 | |
| 96 | 70.806 | 96 | 130.157 | |
| 97 | 71.543 | 97 | 131.513 | |
| 98 | 72.281 | 98 | 132.868 | |
| 99 | 73.018 | 99 | 134.224 | |
| 100 | 73.756 | 100 | 135.580 | |
| 101 | 74.494 | 101 | 136.936 | |
| 102 | 75.231 | 102 | 138.292 | |
| 103 | 75.969 | 103 | 139.647 | |
| 104 | 76.706 | 104 | 141.003 | |
| 105 | 77.444 | 105 | 142.359 | |
| 106 | 78.181 | 106 | 143.715 | |
| 107 | 78.919 | 107 | 145.071 | |
| 108 | 79.656 | 108 | 146.426 | |
| 109 | 80.394 | 109 | 147.782 | |
| 110 | 81.132 | 110 | 149.138 | |
| 111 | 81.869 | 111 | 150.494 | |
| 112 | 82.607 | 112 | 151.850 | |
| 113 | 83.344 | 113 | 153.205 | |
| 114 | 84.082 | 114 | 154.561 | |
| 115 | 84.819 | 115 | 155.917 | |
| 116 | 85.557 | 116 | 157.273 | |
| 117 | 86.295 | 117 | 158.629 | |
| 118 | 87.032 | 118 | 159.984 | |
| 119 | 87.770 | 119 | 161.340 | |
| 120 | 88.507 | 120 | 162.696 | |
| 121 | 89.245 | 121 | 164.052 | |
| 122 | 89.982 | 122 | 165.408 | |
| 123 | 90.720 | 123 | 166.763 | |
| 124 | 91.457 | 124 | 168.119 | |
| 125 | 92.195 | 125 | 169.475 | |
| 126 | 92.933 | 126 | 170.831 | |
| 127 | 93.670 | 127 | 172.187 | |
| 128 | 94.408 | 128 | 173.542 | |
| 129 | 95.145 | 129 | 174.898 | |
| 130 | 95.883 | 130 | 176.254 | |
| 131 | 96.620 | 131 | 177.610 | |
| 132 | 97.358 | 132 | 178.966 | |
| 133 | 98.095 | 133 | 180.321 | |
| 134 | 98.833 | 134 | 181.677 | |
| 135 | 99.571 | 135 | 183.033 | |
| 136 | 100.308 | 136 | 184.389 |
AWG to mm Chart
| AWG # | Ø mm | Area mm2 |
| 0000 (4/0) | 11.684 | 107.219 |
| 000 (3/0) | 10.405 | 85.029 |
| 00 (2/0) | 9.2658 | 67.4309 |
| 0 (1/0) | 8.2515 | 53.4751 |
| 1 | 7.3481 | 42.4077 |
| 2 | 6.5437 | 33.6308 |
| 3 | 5.8273 | 26.6705 |
| 4 | 5.1894 | 21.1506 |
| 5 | 4.6213 | 16.7732 |
| 6 | 4.1154 | 13.3018 |
| 7 | 3.6649 | 10.5488 |
| 8 | 3.2636 | 8.3656 |
| 9 | 2.9064 | 6.6342 |
| 10 | 2.5882 | 5.2612 |
| 11 | 2.3048 | 4.1723 |
| 12 | 2.0525 | 3.3088 |
| 13 | 1.8278 | 2.6240 |
| 14 | 1.6277 | 2.0809 |
| 15 | 1.4495 | 1.6502 |
| 16 | 1.2908 | 1.3087 |
| 17 | 1.1495 | 1.0378 |
| 18 | 1.0237 | 0.8230 |
| 19 | 0.9116 | 0.6527 |
| 20 | 0.8118 | 0.5176 |
| 21 | 0.7229 | 0.4105 |
| 22 | 0.6438 | 0.3255 |
| 23 | 0.5733 | 0.2582 |
| 24 | 0.5106 | 0.2047 |
| 25 | 0.4547 | 0.1624 |
| 26 | 0.4049 | 0.1288 |
| 27 | 0.3606 | 0.1021 |
| 28 | 0.3211 | 0.0810 |
| 29 | 0.2859 | 0.0642 |
| 30 | 0.2546 | 0.0509 |
| 31 | 0.2268 | 0.0404 |
| 32 | 0.2019 | 0.0320 |
| 33 | 0.1798 | 0.0254 |
| 34 | 0.1601 | 0.0201 |
| 35 | 0.1426 | 0.0160 |
| 36 | 0.1270 | 0.0127 |
| 37 | 0.1131 | 0.0100 |
| 38 | 0.1007 | 0.0080 |
| 39 | 0.0897 | 0.0063 |
| 40 | 0.0799 | 0.0050 |
SWG to mm Chart
| SWG # | Ø mm | Area mm2 |
| 7/0 | 12.700 | 126,677 |
| 6/0 | 11.786 | 109.092 |
| 5/0 | 10.973 | 94.564 |
| 4/0 | 10.160 | 81.073 |
| 3/0 | 9.449 | 70.120 |
| 2/0 | 8.839 | 61.364 |
| 0 | 8.230 | 53.192 |
| 1 | 7.620 | 45.604 |
| 2 | 7.010 | 38.599 |
| 3 | 6.401 | 32.178 |
| 4 | 5.893 | 27.273 |
| 5 | 5.385 | 22.774 |
| 6 | 4.877 | 18.679 |
| 7 | 4.470 | 15.696 |
| 8 | 4.064 | 12.971 |
| 9 | 3.658 | 10.507 |
| 10 | 3.251 | 8.302 |
| 11 | 2.946 | 6.818 |
| 12 | 2.642 | 5.481 |
| 13 | 2.337 | 4.289 |
| 14 | 2.032 | 3.243 |
| 15 | 1.829 | 2.627 |
| 16 | 1.626 | 2.076 |
| 17 | 1.422 | 1.589 |
| 18 | 1.219 | 1.168 |
| 19 | 1.016 | 0.811 |
| 20 | 0.914 | 0.657 |
| 21 | 0.813 | 0.519 |
| 22 | 0.711 | 0.397 |
| 23 | 0.610 | 0.292 |
| 24 | 0.559 | 0.245 |
| 25 | 0.508 | 0.203 |
| 26 | 0.457 | 0.164 |
| 27 | 0.417 | 0.136 |
| 28 | 0.376 | 0.111 |
| 29 | 0.345 | 0.0937 |
| 30 | 0.315 | 0.0779 |
| 31 | 0.295 | 0.0682 |
| 32 | 0.274 | 0.0591 |
| 33 | 0.254 | 0.0507 |
| 34 | 0.234 | 0.0429 |
| 35 | 0.213 | 0.0358 |
| 36 | 0.193 | 0.0293 |
| 37 | 0.173 | 0.0234 |
| 38 | 0.152 | 0.0182 |
| 39 | 0.132 | 0.0137 |
| 40 | 0.122 | 0.0117 |
Steel Types
| BS970:1955 | BS970:1991 | European | SAE |
| EN1A | 230M07 | 11SMn30 | 1113 |
| EN3B | 070M20 | C22 | 1020 |
| EN8 | 080A42 | C40 | 1040 |
| EN16T | 605M36T | - | - |
| EN24T | 817M40T | 34CrNiMo6 | 4340 |
| EN36 | 655M13 | 18CrNiMo7-6 | 8630 |
Sheet Metal Weight Calculators
Steel
Brass
Aluminium
Lead
Loco Design Aids
Calculate loco speed and driven gear
tooth count, Motor Speed and motor gear.
Note: These calculations are based on the rated motor speed, true top speed may be slightly higher as the motor should rev a little faster when running at less than the rated load.
Calculate loco speed from gear ratio,
tyre size and motor speed.
Note: These calculations are based on the rated motor speed, true top speed may be slightly higher as the motor should rev a little faster when running at less than the rated load.
12V Automotive Battery Specifications
All dimensions in mm.
| Code | Ah | CCA | L | W | H | Kg | Term |
| 004 | 50 | 400 | 205 | 175 | 225 | 14 | T1 |
| 005 | 60 | 450 | 230 | 175 | 225 | 16 | T1 |
| 008 | 50 | 400 | 205 | 175 | 225 | 14 | T1 |
| 009 | 30 | 260 | 167 | 127 | 227 | 9 | T3 |
| 012 | 45 | 360 | 207 | 175 | 190 | 13 | T1 |
| 012T | 55 | 460 | 207 | 175 | 190 | 13 | T1 |
| 014 | 60 | 450 | 230 | 175 | 225 | 16 | T1 |
| 017 | 88 | 730 | 354 | 175 | 190 | 23 | T1 |
| 019 | 95 | 850 | 354 | 175 | 190 | 25 | T1 |
| 019T | 100 | 900 | 354 | 175 | 190 | 24 | T1 |
| 020 | 110 | 850 | 392 | 175 | 190 | 26 | T1 |
| 024 | 90 | 740 | 352 | 175 | 175 | 22 | T1 |
| 027 | 60 | 540 | 243 | 175 | 190 | 16 | T1 |
| 027T | 62 | 550 | 243 | 175 | 190 | 16 | T1 |
| 030 | 70 | 570 | 258 | 173 | 225 | 19 | T1 |
| 031 | 70 | 570 | 258 | 173 | 225 | 19 | T1 |
| 037 | 35 | 265 | 239 | 133 | 206 | 11 | T4 |
| 038 | 35 | 265 | 239 | 133 | 206 | 11 | T1 |
| 048 | 45 | 350 | 220 | 135 | 225 | 13 | T1 |
| 049 | 45 | 350 | 220 | 135 | 225 | 13 | T1 |
| 053 | 45 | 380 | 238 | 129 | 227 | 13 | T1 |
| 054 | 33 | 260 | 187 | 127 | 220 | 9 | T1/T3 |
| 055 | 33 | 260 | 187 | 127 | 220 | 9 | T1/T3 |
| 056 | 36 | 330 | 187 | 127 | 220 | 11 | T1/T3 |
| 057 | 45 | 380 | 238 | 129 | 227 | 13 | T1 |
| 063 | 45 | 380 | 207 | 175 | 175 | 14 | T1 |
| 063T | 47 | 425 | 207 | 175 | 175 | 14 | T1 |
| 065 | 54 | 470 | 243 | 175 | 175 | 14 | T1 |
| 069 | 70 | 570 | 270 | 175 | 205 | 20 | T1 |
| 072 | 70 | 570 | 265 | 175 | 205 | 20 | T1 |
| 075 | 60 | 550 | 243 | 175 | 175 | 16 | T1 |
| 075T | 60 | 590 | 243 | 175 | 175 | 16 | T1 |
| 077 | 45 | 380 | 207 | 175 | 190 | 12 | T1 |
| 078 | 59 | 495 | 243 | 175 | 190 | 15 | T1 |
| 085 | 45 | 380 | 207 | 175 | 175 | 12 | T4F |
| 086 | 75 | 650 | 278 | 175 | 190 | 19 | T1 |
| 093 | 48 | 500 | 207 | 175 | 175 | 13 | T4F |
| 095 | 68 | 650 | 278 | 175 | 175 | 18 | T4F |
| 096 | 75 | 650 | 278 | 175 | 190 | 19 | T1 |
| 096T | 80 | 680 | 278 | 175 | 190 | 19 | T1 |
| 097 | 59 | 510 | 243 | 175 | 175 | 14 | T4F |
| 100 | 70 | 650 | 278 | 175 | 175 | 18 | T1 |
| 100T | 70 | 680 | 278 | 175 | 175 | 18 | T1 |
| 102 | 38 | 330 | 160 | 175 | 190 | 10 | T1 |
| 110 | 75 | 680 | 317 | 175 | 175 | 20 | T1 |
| 110T | 80 | 720 | 317 | 175 | 175 | 21 | T1 |
| 111 | 50 | 530 | 236 | 182 | 178 | 16 | T1 |
| 113 | 50 | 530 | 236 | 182 | 178 | 16 | T1 |
| 156 | 45 | 380 | 238 | 129 | 227 | 13 | T3 |
| 202 | 38 | 330 | 175 | 175 | 190 | 10 | T1 |
| 334 | 95 | 700 | 303 | 174 | 222 | 24 | T1 |
| 335 | 95 | 700 | 303 | 174 | 222 | 24 | T1 |
| 412P | 84 | 480 | 158 | 165 | 219 | 12 | T1 |
| 895 | 26 | 200 | 187 | 127 | 181 | 7 | T4 |
| 896 | 26 | 200 | 187 | 127 | 181 | 7 | T4 |
12V AGM Battery Specifications
All dimensions in mm.
| Voltage / Capacity | Length (mm) | Width (mm) | Height (mm) | Weight (Kg) |
| 6V 7Ah | 151 | 34 | 97.5 | 1.35 |
| 6V 12Ah | 151 | 50 | 95 | 1.8 |
| 6V 14Ah | 108 | 71 | 140 | 2.37 |
| 12V 12Ah | 151 | 98 | 95 | 3.6 |
| 12V 15Ah | 151 | 98 | 94 | 4.2 |
| 12V 18Ah | 180 | 76 | 167 | 6.2 |
| 12V 20Ah | 181 | 77 | 167 | 5.9 |
| 12V 22Ah | 181 | 77 | 167 | 6.2 |
| 12V 26Ah | 166 | 175 | 125 | 8.2 |
| 12V 33Ah | 195 | 130 | 159 | 10.2 |
| 12V 40Ah | 198 | 166 | 171 | 13.2 |
| 12V 55Ah | 229 | 138 | 210 | 18 |
| 12V 70Ah | 260 | 169 | 210 | 22.5 |
| 12V 90Ah | 260 | 169 | 210 | 24.5 |
| 12V 110Ah | 306 | 169 | 210 | 26 |
| 12V 125Ah | 328 | 172 | 222 | 37.5 |
| 12V 160Ah | 340 | 173 | 280 | 47.5 |
| 12V 200Ah | 530 | 209 | 219 | 54 |
| 12V 230Ah | 522 | 240 | 240 | 60 |
| 12V 260Ah | 521 | 269 | 208 | 69 |
Bar-Litre Calculator
Calculates the bar-litres of a boiler from
the boiler capacity and working pressure.
Scaled Dimension Calculator
A calculator to scale rolling stock dimensions based on track gauges...
Track Gauges in mm - Mainline 1435mm - 56.5"
| 2.5" | 63.5mm | 9" | 228.6mm | |
| 3.5" | 88.9mm | 10.5" | 266.7mm | |
| 5" | 127mm | 12" | 304.8mm | |
| 7.25" | 184.15mm | 15" | 381mm |
Belt Length Calculator
Enter the length between pulley centres - and their diameters.
V Belts
Section sizes of belts, in mm.
- Z Section (10 x 6)
- A Section (13 x 8)
- B Section (17 x 11)
- C Section (22 x 14)
- SPZ Section (9.7 x 8)
- SPA Section (12.7 x 10)
- SPB Section (16.3 x 13)
- SPC Section (23 x 18)
Types of Belt
A / B / C / Z Section Belts
If suffixed with an 'X', the belt is cogged to allow for tighter radiuses.
SPA/SPB/SPC/SPZ Section Belts
SP denotes that the belt is a wedge belt. An 'X' suffix indicates a cogged fitting.
Timing Belts
Section sizes of belts, in mm.
- Imperial XL Section (5.080mm x 1.27mm x 2.3mm)
- Imperial L Section (9.52mm x 1.91mm x 3.5mm)
- Imperial H Section (12.7mm x 2.29mm x 4.0mm)
- Imperial XH Section (22.22mm x 6.35mm x 11.4mm)
- 3M HTD Section (3mm x 1.2mm x 2.4mm)
- 5M HTD Section (5mm x 2.4mm x 3.8mm)
- 8M HTD Section(8mm x 3.4mm x 5.6mm)
- 14M HTD Section (14mm x 6.1mm x 10mm)
- Metric T2.5 Section (2.5mm x 0.7mm x 1.3mm)
- Metric T5 Section (5mm x 1.2mm x 2.2mm)
- Metric T10 Section (10mm x 2.5mm x 4.5mm)
- Metric ATS Section (5mm x 1.2mm x 2.7mm)
- Metric AT10 Section (10mm x 2.5mm x 5mm)
Types of Belt
These belts have a trapezoidal tooth profile, providing a positive drive
by meshing the belt teeth with the grooves of a relating timing belt pulley.
This calculator only gives a belt length
actual belt length will need to be determined by tooth count
Imperial belts are the same as metric, but with sizes measured in inches.
HTD Timing Belts - High Torque Drive - these belts can handle a higher load.
Whitworth Bolts, Head Sizes - Scaled Down
Scaled dimensions to 3 1/2"
Early; pre-1940
| Bolt Ø | Head Size " | Scaled | Head Size " | Head Size mm | Nearest BA Size |
| 0.500 | 0.920 | > | 0.057 | 1.448 | 15 |
| 0.625 | 1.100 | > | 0.068 | 1.731 | 14 |
| 0.750 | 1.300 | > | 0.081 | 2.045 | 13 |
| 1.000 | 1.670 | > | 0.103 | 2.628 | 11 |
| 1.250 | 2.050 | > | 0.127 | 3.226 | 9 |
Scaled dimensions to 5"
Early; pre-1940
| Bolt Ø | Head Size " | Scaled | Head Size " | Head Size mm | Nearest BA Size |
| 0.500 | 0.920 | > | 0.081 | 2.068 | 13 |
| 0.625 | 1.100 | > | 0.097 | 2.473 | 11 |
| 0.750 | 1.300 | > | 0.115 | 2.922 | 10 |
| 1.000 | 1.670 | > | 0.148 | 3.754 | 8 |
| 1.250 | 2.050 | > | 0.181 | 4.608 | 6 |
Scaled dimensions to 7 1/4"
Early; pre-1940
| Bolt Ø | Head Size " | Scaled | Head Size " | Head Size mm | Nearest BA Size |
| 0.500 | 0.920 | > | 0.118 | 2.999 | 10 |
| 0.625 | 1.100 | > | 0.141 | 3.585 | 8 |
| 0.750 | 1.300 | > | 0.167 | 4.237 | 7 |
| 1.000 | 1.670 | > | 0.214 | 5.443 | 5 |
| 1.250 | 2.050 | > | 0.263 | 6.682 | 4 |
Scaled dimensions to 3 1/2"
Late; post 1940
| Bolt Ø | Head Size " | Scaled | Head Size " | Head Size mm | Nearest BA Size |
| 0.500 | 0.820 | > | 0.051 | 1.290 | 16 |
| 0.625 | 1.010 | > | 0.063 | 1.589 | 15 |
| 0.750 | 1.200 | > | 0.074 | 1.888 | 14 |
| 1.000 | 1.480 | > | 0.092 | 2.329 | 11 |
| 1.250 | 1.860 | > | 0.115 | 2.927 | 10 |
Scaled dimensions to 5"
Late; post 1940
| Bolt Ø | Head Size " | Scaled | Head Size " | Head Size mm | Nearest BA Size |
| 0.500 | 0.820 | > | 0.073 | 1.843 | 14 |
| 0.625 | 1.010 | > | 0.089 | 2.270 | 12 |
| 0.750 | 1.200 | > | 0.106 | 2.697 | 11 |
| 1.000 | 1.480 | > | 0.131 | 3.327 | 9 |
| 1.250 | 1.860 | > | 0.165 | 4.181 | 7 |
Scaled dimensions to 7 1/4"
Late; post 1940
| Bolt Ø | Head Size " | Scaled | Head Size " | Head Size mm | Nearest BA Size |
| 0.500 | 0.820 | > | 0.105 | 2.673 | 11 |
| 0.625 | 1.010 | > | 0.130 | 3.292 | 9 |
| 0.750 | 1.200 | > | 0.154 | 3.911 | 8 |
| 1.000 | 1.480 | > | 0.190 | 4.824 | 6 |
| 1.250 | 1.860 | > | 0.239 | 6.062 | 4 |
Scaled Rivet Sizes
Full Size Dimensions
| Shank Ø " |
Shank Ø mm |
Head Ø " | Head Ø mm | Head Height " | Head Height mm |
| 0.500" | 12.700 | 0.625" | 15.875 | 0.406" | 10.312 |
| 0.625" | 15.875 | 1.094" | 27.788 | 0.500" | 12.700 |
| 0.75" | 19.05 | 1.312" | 33.324 | 0.593" | 15.062 |
| 1" | 25.400 | 1.750" | 44.450 | 0.781" | 19.838 |
| 1.250" | 31.75 | 2.188" | 55.575 | 0.985" | 25.019 |
Scaled to 3 1/2"
| Shank Ø " |
Shank Ø mm |
Head Ø " | Head Ø mm | Head Height " | Head Height mm |
| 0.031" | 0.787 | 0.054" | 1.377 | 0.025" | 0.639 |
| 0.039" | 0.983 | 0.068" | 1.721 | 0.031" | 0.787 |
| 0.046" | 1.180 | 0.081" | 2.064 | 0.037" | 0.933 |
| 0.062" | 1.573 | 0.108" | 2.754 | 0.048" | 1.229 |
| 0.077" | 1.967 | 0.136" | 3.443 | 0.061" | 1.550 |
Scaled to 5"
| Shank Ø " |
Shank Ø mm |
Head Ø " | Head Ø mm | Head Height " | Head Height mm |
| 0.044" | 1.124 | 0.077" | 1.967 | 0.036" | 0.913 |
| 0.055" | 1.405 | 0.097" | 2.459 | 0.044" | 1.124 |
| 0.066" | 1.686 | 0.116" | 2.949 | 0.052" | 1.333 |
| 0.088" | 2.248 | 0.155" | 3.934 | 0.069" | 1.756 |
| 0.111" | 2.810 | 0.194" | 4.918 | 0.087" | 2.214 |
Scaled to 7 1/4"
| Shank Ø " |
Shank Ø mm |
Head Ø " | Head Ø mm | Head Height " | Head Height mm |
| 0.064" | 1.630 | 0.112" | 2.852 | 0.052" | 1.323 |
| 0.080" | 2.037 | 0.140" | 3.566 | 0.064" | 1.630 |
| 0.096" | 2.444 | 0.168" | 4.276 | 0.076" | 1.933 |
| 0.128" | 3.259 | 0.225" | 5.704 | 0.100" | 2.546 |
| 0.160" | 4.074 | 0.281" | 7.131 | 0.126" | 3.210 |
Snap Rivet Data
Ø |
Ø mm | Ø Head mm | Head Height mm |
| 1/16" | 1.588 | 2.769 | 1.194 |
| 5/64" | 1.981 | 3.480 | 1.499 |
| 3/32" | 2.388 | 4.166 | 1.778 |
| 7/64" | 2.769 | 4.851 | 2.083 |
| 1/8" | 3.175 | 5.563 | 2.388 |
| 9/64" | 3.581 | 6.248 | 2.667 |
| 5/32" | 3.962 | 6.934 | 2.972 |
| 1.6mm | 1.6 | 2.8 | 1.0 |
| 2.0mm | 2.0 | 3.5 | 1.2 |
| 2.5mm | 2.5 | 4.4 | 1.5 |
| 3.0mm | 3.0 | 5.3 | 1.8 |
| 3.5mm | 3.5 | 6.1 | 2.1 |
| 4.0mm | 4.0 | 7.0 | 2.4 |
Projects
Locomotives and Rolling Stock
Tin Turtle
|
12th July 2018
My first model is of a World War One Trench Tractor, affectionately know as a Tin Turtle. Manufactured by The Motor Rail and Tramcar Company Ltd., then Simplex, for the War Department Light Railways of the First World War. These were made in three versions, an 'Open' model, a 'Protected' model and an 'Armoured' model. My model is of the 'Protected' type.
The locos were built to move men and munitions to the front line and were designed to tow 10-15 tons at 5mph. They ran on 600mm gauge track, which on 5" gauge equates to a scale of 4.7:1.
The reason I decided to make this model is that this year - 2018 - is 100 years from the end of World War One and I wanted to build something to support the 'Battles for Victory' weekend, held on the 14th and 15th of July in Ellington Park in Ramsgate. I almost didn't get the loco completed in time, but in the end, finished it a week before the event.
 |
 |
I built the model from looking at as many photos as possible and one line drawing which gave me the rivet detail - no plans exist, or should I say I could find none. It is powered by a 24V 500W electric motor and using a cheap controller for an electric scooter. It is early days yet, but at the time of writing it is performing very well.
20th August 2018
 |
Running on Canterbury's track on their open day on the 11th August 2018 - A great day!
ASF EL-16
14th January 2021
Having started to build several locos, but putting them aside for various reasons, I decided that I would build a small loco that I can easily transport in the boot of my car and get it in and out on my own. This posed a challenge as my boot isn't that big and weight is also something I need to take into account, as I'm getting older.
 |
Having searched the web for a loco to copy, I found a tiny shunter the ASF EL-16, you can see how small the real loco is from the image above.... When scaled to 5" gauge it is only 260mm long over buffer beams and ~300mm long overall, so it meets the 'small' requirement.
This prompted the question of how I would power it, a problem that I hope will be resolved by using an 'outrunner' motor, these normally used for model aircraft or drones. I have two of these motors, different sizes - hopefully one of them will do the job.
Batteries will be fitted in a Battery Wagon, which I have already made...
I could find no plans for this loco - but I hadn't expected to. I did, however, manage to find some dimensions. From the known dimensions, I calculated the rest and started designing in 3D CAD. So far I have the frames and buffer beams manufactured and assembled with axle boxes and couplings in place.
You will notice that the unseen parts of the buffer beams and frames are quite thick, this is to add weight to the loco to enable it to pull away without wheel slip. I suspect more weight will be required and I have a plan for that. It will be a balancing act between getting sufficient weight for grip and keeping the loco light enough to lift in and out of the car by myself.
The next job is to make the axles and wheels and then work out how I'm going to drive them, which will be fun due to the small size and short wheelbase!
 |
16th October 2021
It's been a slow job building this loco as I'm having to wait a long time for CNC machine time availability. The machines are being kept busy, so I have to be patient...
There has been a change of plans regarding the motors and I have decided to use two 24V 120W brushed motors. I have fitted these with mounting brackets to sit them above the axles.
The drive is going to be by HTD3 toothed belts - quiet and efficient. I need some bearing holders to be machined, so I can fit them and then confirm that the drawing I have for the axles is correct.
I have various other parts ready for fitment, but before I do much more I need to get the loco sitting on its wheels.
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The photo shows the rear buffer beam, with an XT90 connector set into it, this to connect power from the Battery Wagon to the motors. As space is heavily restricted by the small size of the loco, the controller will be fitted in the Battery Wagon. You will see that I have the deck cut out and fitted. This helps get a better feel of how the finished loco will look - it's almost as wide as it is long!
I have started to CAD the bodywork for the loco - it's not easy without accurate dimensions, but I am getting there, albeit slowly....
13th June 2022
Finally, I now have a working chassis! I took it to the club track yesterday to test it and it ran for quite some time, covering a distance of over six and a half miles! The chassis assembly had a 12V battery perched on the top plate and the motors were connected to the battery with crocodile clips. It ran at around 4 mph and just did lap after lap, effortlessly. After 25 laps, I stopped it and checked nothing was getting hot - all was good.
Next job is getting a few more bits machined to finish the chassis and then to start making the bodywork, a job I'm not looking forward to...
Battery Carrying Wagon
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26th August 2020
The reason I decided to make this is that I want to be able to make and run smaller, steam outline locos. Small steam outline locos are not big enough to carry batteries and some diesel outline may suffer the same problem.
By using this idea, transportation will be much easier, as both the battery wagon and loco(s) will easily fit in the boot of my car.
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I have fitted a loud speaker behind a grill on the front panel - this will be driven by a 30W amplifier, playing appropriate 'Whistle' sounds for the type of loco I'm running at the time.
Other Projects
CNC Engraver Mini-Mill
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27th August 2018
The first project I'm going to be documenting here is the build of a CNC engraver. The image is a 3D CAD model of part of what it will look like, when I build it. I am, however, well into the planning and design phase. It is deliberately going to be a small machine and I'm building it for two reasons; firstly to create locomotive nameplates - I prefer them machined rather than etched - and secondly to build a relatively inexpensive CNC machine as a precursor to building something bigger.
I'm hoping that this one will be man enough to machine more than just brass or aluminium for nameplates. I intend to make the working area about 290mm x 50mm, which means it will be big enough to hold - and hopefully machine - the coupling rods for the Q1 I'm building.
The motor driving the spindle is a model aircraft outrunner motor that can produce a lot more power than is required to machine brass or aluminium. That said, I have yet to find out its capabilities in machining steel.
I shall use an Arduino Uno, with a stepper motor shield fitted, to control the engraver and am using Fusion 360 to create the necessary 3D CAD files for any parts I wish to machine. I believe I have all of the parts I need for the control side of the project and am working on creating a suitable housing. I have yet to start making the mechanical parts, but hope to soon. Having just finished the Tin Turtle, I'm taking some time off...
6th October 2018
A complete change of direction. The engraver is now a mini-mill... After much thought and messing about in CAD, both 2D and 3D, I have come up with a design for a mini-milling machine... The images below show the framework of the machine, but none of the Axes.
I now have all the parts created in 3D CAD and exported as 'step' files and a friend of mine is going to CNC them for me. I'm a firm believer that, in order to have a mill capable of producing accurate parts, it must itself be accurate, hence getting the parts CNC machined.
The base plate is 35mm thick aluminium and all the other panels are 15mm thick, so it should be a rigid machine. Working area should be 420mm x 150mm. The spindle will utilise an Outrunner Motor, coupled to an ER11 Collet Chuck.
Having thought I had completed the design, I looked at the back of the assembled machine (in 3D CAD) and realised that if I added a horizontal plate, not only would it add rigidity, but it would also give me a space to mount the control electronics and / or a power supply - so it was back into CAD to add the plate.
I have deliberately left a gap below the rear plate, so I can blow any debris straight out the back of the machine - cleaning it would have been more difficult had I made the plate fit against the base plate.
I'm now waiting for some spare machine time to be available, to get my parts produced...
1st December 2018
At last there has been some available machining time and the first operation of machining the base plate and most of the other main panels has been completed. Several of the parts require futher operations to drill and tap holes in the edges of the parts. There are still a few parts that have not yet been machined. It has taken quite a while to get to this stage, but I'm not complaining, I know they'll be done as soon as machine time becomes available.
20th May 2019
This morning, I collected several of the machined parts for the mini-mill and I have de-burred them, tapped lots of holes and assembled the parts. With a little luck, I'll get the remaining parts soon and be able to complete the assembly. The structure is very rigid already and I still have another couple of bracing panels to fit. Time to start looking at the control electronics!
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Last Updated 18th October 2021